Cultivation of Mango - Horticulture JRF
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| Mango Tree |
- mango also known as National Fruit of India, King of Fruit, Bathroom Fruit, and Pride of the garden.
* Botanical name:- Mangifera indica
* Family:- Anacardiaceae
* Origin:- Indo-Burma
* Chromosome Number :- 2n=4x=40 (Allopplyploidy)
* Type of Fruit:- Drupe
* Type of inflorescence:- Panicle
* Edible Part:- Mesocarp
Important Fact about Mango
- Mango is a climatic Fruit.
- India is the leading country in mango production.
- India shares 56% of total mango production in the world.
- Venezuela has the highest productivity of mango.
- Uttar Pradesh is the leading state in mango production and area under mango cultivation.
- Ripen mango is a rich source of Vit-A
- Vit-C is present in unripe mango.
- Yellow color in mango is due to Beta carotene.
- Mango is used as fresh fruit and making Amacher, pickles, and canning.
- in fruit processing, mango contribute maximum part export from India.
- TSS content of mango is 20° Brix.
- Androdiocious flowering behavior found in mango.
- Mango is cross pollinated crop and pollination is done by house fly (musca domestica)
- number of flowers in a panicle is about 1000-6000, but only 0.1% flowers successfully set the fruit.
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| Mango Panicle |
- for early flowering 1% of KNO3 application should be given.
Climate and Soil
- Mango is a tropical crop but also cultivated in the sub-tropical areas.
- High temperature during fruit development and maturity gives better quality of fruits.
- rainfall during flowering time is very harmful.
- The temperature 24°c to 27°c is ideal for the cultivation of mango.
- mango can be grown in a variety of soil under suitable climatic conditions.
- mango growth is well in slightly acidic soil.
* Important Varieties Of Mango
A) Alphonso
- one of the most popular and most exported varieties of mango mainly grown in the 'Ratnagiri' region in Maharashtra.
- also known as "Hapus" Mango.
- it is susceptible to spongy tissue.
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| Mango orchard |
B) Chausa
- it is a late maturing variety of mango found in North India.
- it is the sweetest Variety of mango
C) Benganpalli
- it is the main commercial variety in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.D) Totapuri
- Totapuri is a regular and heavy bearing variety of mango.
- it has a typical flavor and flat taste.
E) Niranjan:- Offseason variety of Mango
F) Xavier:- High TSS containing variety.
G) Rumani:- it is an Apple-shaped variety of mango.
H) Dashehari:- one of the most popular varieties of mango in North India
I) Langra
- important commercial variety of mango in North India.
- Maximum Hermaphrodite (bisexual) flowers are found in the Langra variety.
J) Neelum:- High Yielding
K) Mangifera Panjang :- its skin can be peeled easily like a banana.
Important Hybrid of Mango
1) Mallika
- regular bearing and high TSS.
- it is a cross between mango varieties "Neelum × Dashehari"
2) Amrapali
- Dwarf variety of mango, suitable for high-density planting (HDP)
- plant population is 1600 plant/ha
- spacing in this variety is 2.5×2.5m
- it is a cross between mango varieties "Dashehari × Neelum"
3) Ratna
- it is a cross between mango varieties "Neelum × Alphonse"
4) Sindhu
- seedless variety of mango
- it is across between mango varieties Ratna × Alphonso
5) Atka Puneet
- it is cross between mango varieties Alphonso × Benganpalli
Propagation Methods
1) Vanner grafting
- it is a commercial propagation method of mango.
- mostly used in North India
- suitable time for Vanner grafting is August.
2) Stone grafting
- also known as epicotyl grafting
- it is widely accepted practice in the "Konkan region of Maharashtra"
- The best time of stone grafting September.
3) Inarching
- this method is adopted by east Indian farmers
- the best time for this method is July.
Rootstock
a) Vellaikolumban
- it is also-octoploid (2n=8x=80) and dwarf rootstock
- used for 'Alphonso'
b) Rumani:- used for Dashehari
c) color :- used for langra & himsagar
* other dwarfing rootstock:- totapuri red small, kuraan, Nileshwara dwarf
* Planting method:- square method and the rectangular method.
* Time of planting:- June-July
* Size of pit = 1m × 1m × 1m
* Spacing :- 10m × 10m
* Time of pruning:- Aug-Sep
* Method of Training:- Modified leader system.
* Flowering time
- South India :- Dec.- North India :- Feb-March.
* Fruiting time
- South India :- April-June.- North India :- May-June.
* Harvesting Indices
- 90-110 Day After Flowering fruits are ready to harvest.
- Natural wax developed on fruit during maturity.
- Solder swells during maturity.
- Taka Method.
- Yellow/ Golden color starts appearing.
Yield
- 90 - 120 kg/tree- 8 - 10 t/ha
Pest and Disease
1) Mango Hoppers ( Amritodus app)
2) Mango mealybug (Drosicha mangiferae)
3) Fruit Flies ( Dacus dorsalis)
4) Bark eating caterpillar ( indarbela quadrinotata)
5) Stone weevil ( crypotrrynchus mangiferae)
6) stem borer (Batocera rufamaculata)
* serious pest of mango:- Mango Hopper
Disease
1) Powdery Mildew ( odium mangiferae)
2) Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporides)
3) Bacterial Canker
* serious disease of Mango :- Powdery mildew.
Physiological Disorder
1) Alternate bearing
- Alternate bearing is the major problem
- Management:- 'Paclobutrazol' is a promising chemical flower induction in mango.
2) Mango Malformation
- There are two types of mango malformation.
a) In vegetative malformation growth of shootlet is arrested.
b) Floral malformation directly affects productivity.
- Management:- spray NAA at 200 ppm it reduce the malformed panicle.
3) Blacktip
- The distal end of the affected fruits turns black & becomes hard.
- The disorder caused by the smoke of brick-clients located within a distance of 600m.
- Gases like Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and acetylene cause these symptoms.
- Management :- Spraying borax (0.6%) at 10-14 days interval starting from fruit set.
4) Clustering (jhumka)
- a cluster of fruits at the tip of panicle giving an appearance of bunch tip called 'jhumka'5) Spongy tissue
- it is specific in Alphonso mango
- in this case, fruit from the outside looks good but on the inside patches of the flesh are spongy, sour, and yellowish.
- it is caused due to inactivation of ripening enzymes due to high temperature.
- Mango hybrids Ratna and Arka Puneet have Alphonso like character but do not suffer from spongy tissue.
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