Cultivation of Tomato - Horticulture JRF

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* Botanical name :- Solanum lycopersicum
* Family :- Solanaceae
* Origin :- Peru, South America, Tropical America.
* Chromosome no :- 2n=24
* Type of Fruit :- Berry
* Inflorescence of Tomato is known as Truss
* The first report of tomato was from Italy in 1544.
* Tomato is also known as Number one Processing vegetable.
* Tomato is also known as 'WOLF APPLE'
* 'Karnataka' is the first hybrid of Tomato.
- Red color in Tomato is due to the Lycopene pigmentpigment, and yellow color due to Carotene.
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Area and Production

- India rank 3rd in the production of Tomato While China ranks 1st.
-  UP, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Hariyaana and Punjab are the leading state.
- in India the current area under tomato cultivation is and production  is 4.58 lakh ha. and 74.62 lakh tones respectively.

Nutritive Value

- Tomato is good source of Vitamin A, and Vit C
- Tomato is used as Salad, vegetable and also making tomato ketchup, sos and Chatani.
- Aroma of tomato is due to presence of ethanol, acetaldehyde and a number of volatile flavour components.

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Botany

- Tomato is diploid with chromosome no 2n=24.
- Tomato is Day Neutral Plant.
- Flowers are Hermaphrodite (Bisexual)
- Tomato is self pollinated crop, warm regions of the country, but in some amount of crossing was observed when stigma protrudes out the level of anthers.
- Cluster of flowers in tomato is known as truss.
- B and Zn are Micronutrient required for tomato cultivation.

Types of Tomato

A) Determinate Type
B) Indeterminate Type

A) Determinate Type:- In the determinate growth, terminal bud ends in a floral bud and further growth in arrested resulting in dwarf and bushy stature.

B) Indeterminate Type :- indeterminate growth, terminal bud is a leafy bud and terminal and lateral buds continue to grow and there are less production of flowers and fruits on mains tem.

Important Varieties and their characteristics.

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1)  Arka Vikas :- Indeterminate type, tolerant to moisture stress conditions.
2) Arka Meghali :- Suitable for rainfed conditions.
3) Pusa Sadabahar :- suitable of high as well as low temperature regions.
4) Pusa Sheetal :- Cold set variety.
5) Roma :- suitable for long distance transport.
6) Pusa gaurav :- Suitable for processing
7) Punjab Chuhara :- fruits are pear shaped.
8) Pusa H-1:- suitable for high temperature region.
9) Pusa Rohini :- recently released variety.

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A) Introduction

1) Roma              2) Sioux
3) Marvel            4) Ageti
5) Best of all      5) Money maker

B) Selection

1) Improved meeruti    2) Sonali
3) Arka Vikas        4) Arka saurabh
5) Pant Bahar

C) Hybrids

1) Pusa early dwarf :- improved meeruti×Red Cloud.
2) Pusa ruby :- Sioux × improved meeruti
3) Pusa Gaurav :- Glamour × Watch
4) Pusa Red Plum :- L.esculentum × L.pimphipimphirifolium
5) Pusa sheetal

D) Mutant Varieties

1) Arka Vishal      2) Arka vardan
3) Arka Abhijeet  
4) Pusa Divya (F1 Hybrid) developed using male sterile line

- Tomato F1 hybrids were developed by hand emasculation and pollination by planting female and male parents in the ratio of 12:1.
- male sterility is governed by recessive genes (msms).

Climate

- Tomato is a day neutral warm season crop, it can not tolerate the frost.
- optimum temperature is 21-28°
C during day and 15-20° C
during night.
- Due to high temperature results in  dryness of stigma, burning of anther tip, poor pollen dehiscence, low pollen viability and slow pollen tube growth leading to low pollination and fruit set.
-  in high temperature, their is chanses of incidence of viral diseases.
- The attractive red color in tomato is due to Lycopene pigment, The optimum temperature for color development is 21-24°c.
- Development of colouring pigment, lycopene will be hampered above 27°c.
- Seed germination and pollen germination are adversely effected below 10°c.

Soil

- Tomato cannot withstand water logging.
- hence,soil should be well drained fairly fertile soil rich in organic matter is preferred.
- pH should be 6.5 - 7.5.

Sowing Time

- tomato can be grown throughout the year.
- Kharif Season :- June - July
- Rabi season :- Oct - Nov
- Zaid :- March - April
- In the hills, seeds  sown in March-April.

Seed Rate

- Desi Variety :- 300-500g/ha
- Hybrid Variety :- 125-150g/ha
- Seeds sown in 250m² nursery area will be sufficient to plant one hectare.

Main Field Preparation and Transplanting
- Field should be ploughed 2-3  times and raised beds of 80-90 cm width or ridges and furrows are prepared.
- Seedlings are transplanted on raised beds or on sides of ridges.

Spacing

- Spacing depend on type of plant it should be 60 x 30-45cm, 75 x 60cm and 75 x 75 cm.
- Closing spacing results in early and higher yield, but it may effect size of fruits.

Fertilizer Management

- Apply FYM 15-20 tonne/ha.
- N:- 100-1250 kg/ha
- P2O5 :- 50-60 kg/ha
- K2O :- 50-60 kg/ha Are recomonded for one hectare.
- foliar spray of PCPA (20 PPM) is very effective in increasing fruit set and yield of tomato.

Irrigation

- mostly in tomato crop irrigation is given Furrow irrigation method.
- irrigation should be given after 3-4 days interval during summer.
- long dry spell at flowering phase reduce fruit production.
- a long spell of drought followed by heavy irrigation leads to cracking of fruits.
- Drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation are becoming more common in areas of water storage.

Intercultural Operations

- Keep the field free from weed by frequent weeding, hoeing and earthing up.
- Application of pendimethalin (1.0 kg a.i. / ha) to control pre emergence of weed.

Training and Pruning

- plant should be trained with wires, strings or stacks to prevent lodging and loss of fruits by coming in contact with soil.
- Branches of plants are supported on poles or strings with twine.
A) Major Pest
B) Major Diseases

C) Physiological Disorder

a) Fruit Cracking

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- Fruit cracking is caused both by genetic and environmental factors.

- Fruit cracking of tomato caused by Boron deficiency.

b) Blossom End Rot of Tomato is causing by Calcium deficiency

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c) Sun scald

- caused due to extreme heat, tissues on exposed fruit develop a blistered appearance leading to
sunken areas, which have a light or grey colour on green fruit and yellow colour on red fruit.

Harvesting

- Crop is ready to harvest 70-80 Day After Transplanting.
- Harvesting maturity depends on the purpose whether for fresh market, processing, long distance transport.

1) Mature Green

- Fruits fully grown, fruit colour changes from green to yellowish.
- Harvested for long distance transport/Market.

2) Turning/Beaker Stage

- 1/4th  portion of fruit changes to pink in colour.
- its also harvested for long distance market.

3) Pink Stage

- 3/4th portion of fruit turn into pink color.
- Harvested for local market.

4) Light red

- Entire fruit surface is red or pink.
- Harvested for local.

5) Red ripe or hand ripe

- Fully ripened and coloured.
-  Flesh becomes soft.
- Harvested for processing and for seed extraction.

Yield

Desi variety :- 20-25 tonne/ha
Hybrid :- 50 tonnes/ha

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