Cultivation of Wheat - Agronomy JRF
*Botanical name :- Triticum spp.
* Family :- Poaceae / Gramineae
* Origin :- South West Asia
* Type of Fruit :- Caryopsis
* Type of inflorescence :- Ear/Spike/Head
* Carbohydrates :- 62-71%
* Protein :- 8-15%
* Fat :- 1.5 - 2%
- Wheat is C3 plant and self pollinated crop.
- Inflorescence ( flowering part of plant) is Ear/Head/spike.
- Zig-zag line of grain known as Rachis.
- Gluten protein found in wheat (8-11%) and it is responsible for bread making quality.
- Test weight (weight of 1000 seed)of wheat is 40 gram.
- Crown root Initiation (CRI) is most critical stage of irrigation.
Their are four important species of wheat found in India.
A) Common wheat (T.aestivum)
- This wheat is most suitable for making Chapati.
- Chromosome no :- 2n=42 (Hexaploid)
- it is also known as bread wheat.
- also known as Mexican dwarf wheat.
- it is cultivated in area 95%
- it is grown throughout the India.
B) Macaroni wheat ( T. durum)
- This wheat is best suitable for making noodles, vermicelli etc.
- Chromosome no :- 2n= 28 (Tetraploid)
- it is cultivated in about 4% of Area.
C) Emmer wheat ( T. diccocum)
- Chromosome no :- 2n= 28 (Tetraploid)
- also known as spring/winter wheat.
- grown for making upama in South India.
- it is cultivated in about 1% of Area.
D) Short Wheat ( T. sphaerococcum)
- Commonly known as Indian dwarf wheat.
- it is gone out of cultivation due to low productivity.
Area and Production
- wheat is grown all over the world.
- India has 1st rank in the Area of wheat and china 2nd.
- India has 2nd rank in the production of wheat after China.
- in India, UP has highest area as well as production while highest productivity is in Punjab.
Soil and Climate
- Wheat can be cultivated in a various types of soils of India.
- Soils with a clay loam or loam texture, good structure with moderate water holding capacity are ideal for wheat cultivation.
- Alluvial soil is most suitable for wheat cultivation.
- it's require cool and dry climate, grown in rabi season.
- optimum temperature should be 20-25°C.
Varieties
- New protein rich varieties :- HD-3226 ( Pusa Yashwashi)
- HD-4758 (Pusa malvi :- resistance to leaf rust and stem rust.
- HDCW :- resistance to brown rust
- Pusa kiran, HW-1098
Sowing
- sowing should be done15th October to 1st week of November.
- Sowing should be completed within the first fortnight of November.
- sowing depth should be 5-7 cm.
Seed Treatment
- seeds should be treated with Carbendazim or Thiram at 2 g/kg of seeds 24 hours before sowing.
Seed Rate :- 100kg/ha
Spacing :- 22.5×10 cm
Recommend dose of NPK :- 120:60:40 kg/ha.
Water Management
- Wheat crop requires minimum of 5 irrigations should be given at the following critical stages.
1) Crown Root Initiation :- 20-25 DAS
2) Tillering :- 40-45 DAS
3) late joining :- 60-65 DAS
4) Flowering stage :- 80-85 DAS
5) Milking stage :- 100-105 DAS
6) Dough stage/Grain filling stage :- 115-120 DAS
Harvesting
- when the grains become hard and straw becomes dry and brittle, the crop is ready to harvest.
- Trash and winnow the grains.
Yield
Irrigated Area :- 45-50 q/ha
Non-irrigated Area :- 15-20 q/ha